The National Institutes of Health, through a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) jointly issued by the Child Development and Behavior Branch (CDBB), the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch (DBSB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), invites investigator-initiated research grant applications that seek to develop a comprehensive program of research focused on the mechanisms through which social, economic, cultural, and community-level factors, and their interactions, impact the early cognitive, neurobiological, socio-emotional, and physical development of children. Arenas of particular relevance include childcare, early childhood education, welfare reform, tax, social services, and work-family policies.